What is the difference between instrumental and infra resources

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Partner Links. Although we identified tensions between both rationalities, what prevails in this category is the attempt to eliminate risks. The procedure for public bids varies according to the adopted modality. Therefore, the category called position of bidding companies during the session was defined as a result of a phenomenon identified during the sessions. It deals with the rivalry between one competitor and another, in which irregular documents can jeopardize a good offer price. This reinforces the prevalence of a competitive position among companies, to the detriment of public interest and to the best contracting, since there are other performance variables to consider such as feasibility of prices and the delivery capability of the winning bidder technical qualification.

The typical market rivalry, in which organizations strive for survival at all costs to eliminate potential competitors was pretty much present in the manifestations of both proponents. Although no objection can be raised to such behavior, for the purposes of this study it is important to highlight a likelihood in the relationship between this phenomenon and the initial stages of analysis, confirming in this case that the tension between substantive and instrumental rationalities unfolds both in benefits and in damages to the public administration interests and the community in general.

Offer bids were hampered by the diversity of interpretations resulting from requirements not quite understood by the public entity but included in both public notices. On average, the sessions lasted about 3 hours, and at the end, an understanding was not reached in order to please the collective interest. The fifth category was named the result of the process.

It was defined this way because it succinctly represents the predominance of market orientations around processes which involved decision-making by the public manager, throughout the development of bidding process. Um espectro ronda o terceiro setor: o espectro do mercado.

This phenomenon was evident in the study in question, since there was no guarantee that the public administration obtained the best contract, and therefore that the challenges and desires of social order had in fact been met. Prerogatives of Brazilian public administration defined in the legal system must be better analyzed, though. O pensamento organizacional sob o olhar de Janus. Within this context, we will analyze the tension between substantive and instrumental rationalities in this item, taking into account the whole bidding process.

Based on the analysis of the 5 categories formulated in this study, we extract the main elements that characterize the tension between the rationalities during the bidding processes. As illustrated in Figure 1 , the greater the presence of such elements in the decisions of the public manager, the closer the instrumental approach is.

In this way, the margin of discretion allows both substantive and instrumental competences to be developed; this fact can significantly change between one public entity and another. Figure 1 Dynamics of tension between substantive and instrumental rationality in the analyzed public bidding processes. It is still to be analyzed under each context, whether this predominance or the appearance of instrumental rationality is or not related to some of the main obstacles to the improvement of public management, and in which situations they can be identified and examined.

To the extent that the public manager decisions no longer take advantage of the discretionary margin and follow normative guidance or remain tied to means and ends even if discretionary , the tension between both rationalities becomes impaired and instrumental logic prevails.

In this way, legal obligations cannot be interpreted as an obstacle to the goal of a better hiring, simply because this fact alone would be enough for the public administration to be bureaucratic.

The study made it possible to expand the investigations on rationalities in organizations, analyzing in this opportunity the tension between substantive and instrumental rationality in the decision-making processes during the main stages of public bids.

The results indicate that, although the public manager must follow a list of legal determinations, there are prerogatives allowing the manager to act in a discretionary manner and always in defense of the public interest, under the limits of the judicial system. It can also be inferred that the nucleus of tensioning of instrumental and substantive rationality lies in the legal-discretionary dynamics adopted by public administration.

Therefore, both acts strictly guided by the legal limit linked to each other and those of discretionary margin can be embodied in the instrumental perspective. In both cases, the administrative prerogative is not always used in a conscious and emancipatory manner, with the potential to avoid the dichotomies arising from instrumental rationality, since they require skills that are impaired by the misunderstood logic of efficiency and well defined provisions.

The aim is to identify what is the prearranged goal of a market-centered society, in the case of public procurement, which may represent an important advance in the understanding of emerging barriers whenever substantive rationality is seen in administrative practice.

Possibly, this constitutes the greatest contribution of the study undertaken. Brazilian public administration has undertaken a substantial reform since the s; however, the potential to promote adjustments in order to improve public services is not only about efficiency, but also about rethinking the term from an organizational point of view. It is understood that this article achieved its objectives, since the observed tension between rationalities revealed interesting phenomena, which denote the fragility of bidding processes regarding the position adopted by the public manager.

Once the research was framed as exploratory and in order to keep this debate, we understand that studies on rationality embodied in decisions within public management should advance. For the sake of legality, public managers have certain limitations when it comes to decision-making.

Research such as this make it possible to understand imperceptible phenomena through other investigation methods, in which the tension between substantive and instrumental rationalities is not promoted. In this study, a valid starting point can be identified and proposed in order to understand the tension between rationalities in public bids, being its core the legal-discretionary dynamics.

This research presented as a limitation the scope of only one public procurement, although the procedure has been extended for more than 3 years. Abrir menu Brasil. Abrir menu. REIS, P. REIS, R. In addition, it is key that these acts of supportive communication have a positive tone Vitak, Similar to the expressive uses construct, we can discern two dimensions of instrumental ONN uses, being informational and tangible support mobilization requests , thereby drawing on earlier studies on online resource mobilization Ellison, Gray, et al.

Moreover, earlier studies have observed neighbors requesting such types of help from each other De Meulenaere, Courtois, et al. Although both types of instrumental uses have been frequently observed, it remains difficult to estimate the amount of people that have engaged in such mobilization requests.

In addition, we aim to capture the latent intention to capitalize on the present relations, not the effective observable behaviors per se. As such, it is opportune to investigate whether respondents are inclined to engage in such behavior, rather than asking to what extent the respondents have engaged in social resource mobilizing behavior using a local social media network.

To summarize, we conceptualized two two-dimensional constructs in the previous section for the ONNUS under development, being expressive shared interest and informational support and instrumental uses tangible and informational support mobilization.

The first construct refers to a set of active communicative behaviors aimed at maintaining the online neighborhood network, while the second construct measures the intention of ONN users to activate the resources contained within that network.

Both expressive and instrumental uses pertain to specific online behaviors and interactions with the social media platform. The dimension shared interests requires individuals to post and share information, while supportive communication presupposes that the like button and commenting functions are frequently used.

To engage in instrumental uses, users will need to post a message, while the like button and commenting functions are less important, and they do not share information.

Hence, in terms of criterion validity, we expect that shared interests will correlate strongly with sharing and posting behavior, supportive communication with posting and reacting to messages, and both tangible and information support mobilization intention with posting, but not with sharing, commenting or liking behavior. The FRMSs, the scale the expressive uses constructs are indebted to, has been found to be positively related to perceived relational closeness and sense of belonging Ellison, Vitak, et al.

In a neighborhood context, these outcomes can be regarded as the perception of having something in common with the other neighbors and experiencing a sense of community. Accordingly, we expect that the scale's four sub-dimensions will correlate positively with neighborhood sense of community. At the same time, these behaviors are performed within the confines of ONNs, meaning similar association with online sense of community can be expected as well.

Hence, we expect that the four sub-dimensions will correlate positively with online sense of community. The study was conducted in two phases. The first exploratory phase entailed generating an item pool and developing the constructs. Table 1 provides an overview of the different research steps taken in each phase, the used samples, and their socio-demographic characteristics. First, an item pool was generated based on the findings from a literature review cf.

De Meulenaere, Courtois, et al. This resulted in a preliminary item pool of 37 items. Table 1. Overview of the Conducted Studies and Sample Characteristics. Phase one: item generation and scale development.

Item generation In-depth interviews. Content validity Cognitive interviews. Expert review. Phase two: psychometric testing.

Preliminary reliability test and Item evaluation. Respondents were members of different ONNs on Facebook and were contacted via direct messages on Facebook. They were asked to respond to the items as they would normally do when completing a questionnaire.

In addition, for each item, they were asked if they experienced any difficulties or ambiguities, and if so, to indicate what part of the item was difficult and how they would adjust it.

In addition, respondents were asked to indicate those items that most closely described their use of ONNs and whether there were some issues not addressed by the current item pool. Several items were rephrased or omitted based on the results of these interviews, resulting in a reduced item pool of 31 items. Taking into account the wording, scaling and item allocation based on the construct definitions. Based on their opinions, some of the items were rephrased, and the item pool was further reduced to 25 items.

The psychometric properties of the developed constructs were tested in several ways. Third, we tested the criterion and theoretical validity of the two two-dimensional constructs, and finally, we assessed the reliability.

Similar to the cognitive interviewers, respondents were members of different ONNs on Facebook and were directly contacted via Facebook. Consistent with De Grove et al. Still, theoretical considerations prevailed over data driven decisions, meaning items were only removed as long as the conceptual merit of the construct was not jeopardized.

Based on the findings, four additional items were removed, reducing the total number of items to Both exploratory EFA and confirmatory factor analyses CFA were applied to test the intended factor structure and construct validity. No explicit limits were used with respect to ONN size, as no information pertaining to their distribution exists. Still we ensured to include a wide range of sizes, by including differently sized municipalities.

In order to do so we developed a selection matrix, taking into account both neighborhood characteristics in terms of size, geographical location, and level of urbanism.

The initial sample consisted of respondents, of which were retained after removing those who did not complete the entire survey. We opted for an oblique rotation technique because of the expected correlations among the dimensions of the expressive and instrumental use intentions constructs respectively.

In addition, the number of factors was fixed at two for both constructs because of the conceptualized second order factor structure for both the expressive and instrumental uses constructs.

Factor loadings of. However, any data driven adaptations with respect to further item pool reduction suggested by the EFA were considered conceptually before applying them DeVellis, The expressive and instrumental uses constructs were analyzed separately because of their conceptualization.

Values above. Likewise, SRMR values below. Criterion validity of both the expressive and instrumental uses constructs was tested by means of the following binary questions pertaining the uses of Facebook groups: I post messages; I share content; I like posts; I react to messages. To assess the construct validity, we investigated the correlations of the sub-dimensions with psychological sense of community and online sense of community. Finally, we tested the construct reliability by assessing the internal consistency of the developed measures.

Consistent with other studies DeVellis, ; Spector, , alphas equal to or higher than. Exploratory Factor Analysis. Table 2. Expressive uses. Instrumental use intention. Factor 1. Factor 2. Principal axis factoring, Direct Oblimin rotation, Pattern matrix. We ran an EFA for the nine items of the expressive uses constructs while the number of factors was fixed to two, in line with our conceptualization.

However, the factor structure was not the one we theoretically expected. Two items of the shared interests construct were considered a different factor, while the remaining items of the shared interests construct were grouped together with the supportive communication items. Upon further inspection, these two items had a higher mean and lower variance than the other items in the shared interest construct.

In addition, the content of these two items referred to two similar, yet normative behaviors sharing information with respect to lost belongings , whereas the other items in the intended construct refer to a more general information sharing behavior. Accordingly, we decided to remove both items and reran the EFA with seven items. Table 3.

Final Items. Shared interests. I share information about my neighbourhood with the online group. When I see something online that I think the online group would find interesting, I'll share it with them. When I enjoyed something in the neighbourhood an event, a nice spot, a funny happening… I share it with the online group.

If I find a lost object e. If I notice a lost pet in the neighborhood, I announce this in the online group. When I am annoyed with something in the neighborhood, I shore this with the online group. Supportive Communication. I react positively with a comment or a like when I see someone posting positive news about the neighbourhood.

I react in a supportive manner to bad news about the neighbourhood. I respond to questions asked via the online group. I give others advice when they ask for it via the online group. I try to contribute in a constructive manner to the online group. Tangible support mobilization intention. In case I needed physical assistance for instance with lifting heavy things , I would consider asking my neighbours via the local online group to help me.

If I would urgently need something, I would consider asking the help from my neighbours via the online group. I would consider asking for a babysit via the online group. If I needed help with the repair of my bike, car or other object, I would consider asking for it via the online group. If I would have lost something valuable in my neighborhood, I would ask the online group whether someone had found it.

If I would be sick, I would consider asking the online group to assist me with minor chores. If I would have lost a pet, I would ask the online group for help in finding it back. Informational support mobilization intention. When looking for a good local bakery, butcher, bike shop, car dealer or similar commercial service, I would consider asking the local group for advice.

If I needed to know the opening hours of a local shop or service, I would consider asking the local online group. If I noticed an unusual noise or other unexpected event in the neighbourhood, I would ask the local online group for more information. When confronted with an unusual traffic situation in my neighbourhood I would ask the online group for more information.

If I were the victim of a crime in the neighborhood e. I would consider asking the online group for advice If I needed to have something in my house repaired. The items for the Shared Interest dimension were derived from Vitak and adapted to a neighborhood context; Item SC1 was derived from Vitak and adapted to a neighborhood context; Item SC2 was derived from Ellison, Vitak, et al. Items removed from the scale after Phase 2 are italicized.

This approach highlights the special advantages that hands-on involvement in the arts can bring; it also suggests the types of effects that might be expected from the different forms of exposure, as well as why some of these effects may be more significant and long-lasting than others.

One of the key insights from this analysis is that the most important instrumental benefits require sustained involvement in the arts. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Toggle navigation. News and Media. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. Please turn on JavaScript and try again.

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